It is common to feel anxious or worried at some point in life. However, for people with an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), the anxiety related to these intrusive thoughts may force them toward persistent compulsive rituals that may make life difficult. Such people commonly believe that they must perform these rituals or else something terrible will happen, which only leads to the generation of intense feelings of anxiety. So does this mean that OCD is a type of anxiety disorder? If not, how are they different from one another?
Despite sharing a close relationship, OCD and anxiety are two different disorders. This article will explain the difference between anxiety and OCD, why they are separately categorized, and what happens when they overlap.
From a historical point of view, both obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) were categorized as anxiety disorders. As per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), experts’ diagnostic reference guide to classify psychiatric disorders once grouped both the issues in the same section. However, in 2013, the fifth edition of DSM separated them into different chapters.
So far, this categorization remains the same in the most recent edition of DSM-5. While GAD continues to be in the anxiety disorders section, OCD is now present in a section termed “obsessive-compulsive and related conditions.” Some other issues that share the section include body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), and hoarding disorder. The reason for these changes was that despite the shared commonalities, OCD and GAD had some key differences in symptomatology. These fundamental differences are explained in the following sections.
The nature of thought involved is one of the two essential differences between OCD and GAD. While unwanted thoughts form the main symptom of diagnosis in both issues, the ones associated with GAD focus on real-life concerns, such as family, school, work, health, relationships, and finances. These issues are the ones that almost all people worry about, but people with underlying anxiety do so to the extent that it significantly disrupts their daily functioning.
While the GAD thoughts revolve around reasonably plausible concerns, those with OCD obsess about less common and somewhat unrealistic issues. These issues have been developed into a colloquial shorthand for easier description and may include:
- Contamination OCD, in which people obsess about germs and dirt and their effect on their health. For example, they may fear catching an infection by coming in contact with the suspected contaminant
- Hit and Run OCD, in which the sufferer obsesses over the fear of running over people with their vehicle
- Harm OCD, forces sufferers to obsess about accidentally or intentionally causing harm to themselves or others
- Relationship OCD, in which the focus of obsessions is the fear of not loving one’s partner or not being sexually attracted to them
- Scrupulosity OCD characterizes obsessions of not living according to one’s spiritual beliefs. It focuses less on religious obsessions and more on the worry of failing to live in a manner that meets their personal moral standards.
Remember that the abovementioned list is not an exhaustive compilation of the different OCD variants. It only means demonstrating some of the prevalent types of this condition. That said, remember that OCD can make people obsess about anything around them and usually focuses on highly improbable things based on insubstantial evidence.
The second key difference that separates obsessive worrying related to GAD from OCD is the behavioral response of a person to their obsessions. In anxiety disorder, the primary behavioral response includes worrying excessively about the issues, making them anxious. Such people spend a lot of time contemplating these issues but do not exhibit the classic compulsive symptoms characteristic of OCD, such as door checking or hand washing. Instead, anxiety disorder takes worrying as both an obsession and compulsion.
For instance, someone with GAD may repeatedly panic over thoughts like, “what if I lose my job and end up going broke?” As a response to this thought, they may compulsively ruminate about the possibility of getting fired and going broke in an attempt to manage their anxiety.
On the other hand, people with OCD have different compulsive behavioral responses to their unwanted obsessions or thoughts. While most of these responses are overt and obvious, like lock checking, others may not be so apparent. Irrespective of their nature, the compulsive behaviors in OCD are an attempt to eliminate or reduce anxiety associated with unwanted obsessions.
The treatment modalities for anxiety and OCD overlap significantly, despite having some critical differences. For example, both conditions respond well to psychotherapy called cognitive behavioral therapy and a particular class of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
CBT refers to a type of behavioral therapy that encourages people to identify and change the negative thoughts contributing to the symptoms. While this therapy generally performs well in managing OCD and GAD, the specific techniques used may differ. For example:
- People with GAD generally respond better to cognitive restructuring, a sub-type of CBT in which they learn to identify thoughts provoking anxiety and challenge them to learn new perspectives.
- People with OCD usually undergo exposure and response prevention therapy, a sub-type of CBT that gradually exposes them to things that provoke obsessions and compulsions. Over time, effective use of this therapy leads to lessening the fear and reducing compulsive acts.
Medications
Many medications are beneficial for treating GAD and OCD. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are the of choice for treating these issues. Combining these medications with a suitable subtype of CBT is common for more effective outcomes.
- The approved medications for GAD typically include paroxetine, escitalopram, duloxetine, and venlafaxine.
- The approved medications for OCD include sertraline, clomipramine, fluoxetine, and paroxetine.
While SSRIs form a common treatment element for OCD and anxiety, research suggests that the former may take a bit longer to respond to them than the latter.
It is not uncommon for individuals with anxiety to simultaneously meet the criteria for another type of psychiatric issue. While depression is most commonly associated with anxiety, a small subset of people may develop OCD concurrently. Some evidence suggests that the prevalence of the two mental disorders is relatively high in the general adult population. According to some, up to 30 per cent of adults with OCD are bound to have GAD at some point in their lives. Experts also speculate that such people are at a higher risk of acquiring a major depressive disorder later in life.
An accurate diagnosis and assessment hold the utmost importance in effectively treating co-occurring anxiety and OCD. As discussed previously, SSRIs can be beneficial in managing both simultaneously; however, individual responses may vary. Hence, using other medications may also be considered, such as sodium valproate, a drug used for treating epilepsy. Similarly, some experts may add an atypical antipsychotic medication to augment the effects of SSRIs to manage OCD and GAD together.
Distinguishing between OCD and an anxiety disorder can be challenging, given the commonalities in their symptoms. However, some key differences may aid in establishing an accurate diagnosis and commencement of suitable treatment.
Whether it is an anxiety disorder or OCD, excessive fears and intrusive and persistent thoughts can make anyone uncomfortable. However, remember that it is still possible no matter how difficult recovery may seem. All you need to do is get in touch with a suitable rehabilitation center that deals with both disorders. The experts in these rehabs are highly-trained to assess the patients and establish an accurate diagnosis, following which an individualized treatment plan can be curated.
You do not need to suffer anymore. Contact a rehab center today to begin healing.
